Pikillaqta: The Great Pre-Inca Urbs of Cusco
Pikillaqta, located about 30 kilometers south of Cusco, is one of the most important and best preserved archaeological sites of the ancient Wari civilization. This pre-Inca settlement is located 3,250 meters above sea level, in the Lucre basin, and is a testimony to the complexity and urban development of the cultures that inhabited this region before the arrival of the Incas. In this article, we will explore the history, architecture, cultural and touristic importance of Pikillaqta, as well as its role in the Wari civilization.
Historical Context:
The Peruvian territory has been the cradle of great societies that have faced significant geographical challenges. Not only were great civilizations developed, but also empires were formed that controlled and subdued other states through cultural and territorial expansion. Among these cultures, the Wari civilization stands out as one of the most influential.
Flourishing between 600 and 1000 AD, the Wari culture had its capital in the Ayacucho region and expanded throughout the central Andes. The Wari are considered one of only two imperial cultures that appeared in the southern hemisphere, along with the Incas. This period of expansion and development marked a milestone in the history of Peru, with the creation of administrative centers that facilitated governance and social organization.
Importance of Pikillaqta:
Pikillaqta has become a symbol of the Wari occupation in Cusco, representing its influence in the region. This archaeological site stands out not only for its size, but also for its state of conservation. Despite the ravages of time, the site has maintained its cultural and archaeological importance. The occupation of Pikillaqta is estimated to have been intense and uninterrupted for 150 years, and its population reached approximately 10,000 people.
The name “Pikillaqta” comes from Quechua and translates as “the town of fleas” or “small town”. Although this name was assigned after the arrival of the Spaniards, its original name during the Inca period is unknown. Some chroniclers suggest that it may have been “Wari”, although there is no concrete evidence to support this. It is presumed that Pikillaqta may have served as a city for mitimaes, groups of people or tribes that moved through the region.
Archaeological Characteristics:
Pikillaqta is characterized by its urban planning, which includes approximately 700 buildings, 200 courts and 504 colcas, which are structures used to store food and other goods. The organization of the site reflects an advanced urban design, which allowed its inhabitants to carry out diverse social, economic and ceremonial activities.
The buildings at Pikillaqta were multifunctional and were constructed with a mixture of mud and stone, with thatched roofs. This type of architecture was not only practical, but also provided resistance to inclement weather. The walls were wide at the base and thin at the top, which gave stability to the structures.
According to studies carried out by archaeologists, it has been found that the floors were made with a type of thick plaster, which probably included clay. This plaster was used in ceremonial and offering areas, suggesting that Pikillaqta had an important function as a ceremonial center, in addition to being a residential space for rulers and priests.
Water Supply:
An intriguing aspect of Pikillaqta is its water supply. As a city that required large quantities of water for its inhabitants, this problem seems to have puzzled even the Incas. Legends exist about a contest to bring water to the city, which involved a beautiful maiden as the prize. The solution to this dilemma was the construction of a canal and the Rumi Colca aqueduct, which brought water from the Lucre River to the basin.
Recent research has confirmed that Pikillaqta was connected to a canal system through the Rumi Colca aqueduct. This aqueduct was not only crucial for water supply, but also served as an access and exit control point to the Collasuyo, one of the regions controlled by the Incas. The construction of this water system demonstrates the ingenuity and ability of the Wari to adapt to their environment and solve complex problems.
Abandonment and Recent Discoveries:
The abandonment of Pikillaqta is a subject that has intrigued archaeologists and historians. It is believed that the site was abandoned voluntarily, although there is evidence of arson by locals who may have attempted to loot the site. This event marked the end of the Wari occupation in this area of the valley.
In 2019, a team of archaeologists discovered Wari ceremonial offerings associated with the abandonment of Pikillaqta. These findings provide valuable information about Wari cultural and religious practices, as well as the reasons behind the vacating of this important urban center.
Tourist Attraction:
Today, Pikillaqta is part of the tourist circuit of Cusco’s South Valley and has become a popular destination for those interested in pre-Inca history and culture. Tourists visit the site not only for its archaeological value, but also for its natural beauty and its connection to Andean history.
Pikillaqta is part of the famous route of the sun, which connects Cusco with Puno. This route is known for its stunning scenery and rich cultural heritage, which attracts thousands of visitors each year. Pikillaqta’s strategic location, along with other tourist attractions, makes it a point of interest for those wishing to explore Peru’s cultural diversity and history.
Visitors can explore the ruins, learn about the architecture and social organization of the Wari, and marvel at the majesty of the Andes. In addition, the site offers opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking and exploring the local flora and fauna.
Conclusions:
Pikillaqta is a place that encapsulates the history, culture and ingenuity of the Wari civilization. Its architecture, urban planning and connection to the water demonstrate a high level of development and adaptation to a challenging environment. Through exploration of this site, we can appreciate the richness of Peru’s cultural heritage and better understand the impact of pre-Inca civilizations on Andean history.
The importance of Pikillaqta goes beyond its archaeological value; it is a symbol of the legacy of the cultures that have inhabited this region and a reminder of their resilience and ability to thrive in the face of adversity. With its inclusion in the tourist circuit, Pikillaqta continues to attract the attention of travelers and scholars, contributing to the recognition of Peru’s rich history and cultural diversity.
The history of Pikillaqta is, in short, a testament to the human spirit and how civilizations can leave an indelible mark on time, a lesson that continues to resonate today. Thus, Pikillaqta stands not only as a fascinating archaeological site, but as an important component of Peru’s cultural heritage that deserves to be explored and appreciated by future generations.
